1. Menene canji?
Musanya, sauyawa shine gwargwadon buƙatun watsa bayanai, bayanan da za a watsa ta jagorar ko kayan aiki zuwa hanyar da ta dace don biyan buƙatun. Broad switch switch shine nau'in na'ura da ke kammala aikin musayar bayanai a cikin tsarin sadarwa. Wannan tsari shine musayar wucin gadi. Tabbas, yanzu mun riga mun sami sabbin maɓalli masu sarrafa shirye-shiryen, tsarin musayar yana atomatik. A cikin tsarin sadarwar kwamfuta, manufar musanya shine haɓaka yanayin aiki mai raba. Mun gabatar da HUB hub wani nau'i ne na kayan aiki na kayan aiki, HUB kanta ba zai iya gane adireshin ba, lokacin da LAN guda ɗaya ya karbi bakuncin bayanan B, ana watsa bayanan bayanan da ke cikin hanyar sadarwa, ta kowane tashar tashoshi, ta hanyar tabbatar da bayanan adireshin Baotou. domin sanin ko karba. Wato, ta wannan hanyar aiki, saitin firam ɗin bayanai ɗaya ne kawai ake iya watsawa akan hanyar sadarwar a lokaci guda, kuma idan an sami karo, dole ne a sake gwadawa. Wannan hanyar ita ce raba bandwidth na cibiyar sadarwa. Maɓallin yana da bas ɗin baya mai girman bandwidth da matrix na musanya na ciki. Ana haɗe duk tashar jiragen ruwa zuwa bas na baya. Bayan da'irar sarrafawa ta karɓi fakitin, tashar sarrafawa za ta sami teburin sarrafa adireshi a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya don tantance NIC (katin cibiyar sadarwa) na MAC (adireshin hardware na katin cibiyar sadarwa) zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta hanyar tashar jiragen ruwa, musayar damar. don "koyi" sabon adireshin kuma ƙara shi zuwa teburin adireshi na ciki. Musanya da sauyawa sun samo asali ne daga tsarin sadarwar tarho (PSTN), yanzu muna iya gani a cikin tsohon fim din: shugaba (mai amfani da waya) ya dauki makirufo zuwa girgiza, ofishin jerin cikakkun injin waya ne, sanye da wata mace ta kira headset bayan karɓar buƙatun haɗin kai, sanya zaren a cikin madaidaicin mafita, kafa haɗi don ƙarshen abokin ciniki biyu, har zuwa ƙarshen kiran. Wannan kuma yana iya "ɓangare" cibiyar sadarwar, inda mai sauyawa kawai ke ba da damar zirga-zirgar hanyar sadarwar da ake buƙata ta hanyar sauyawa. Ta hanyar sauya tacewa da turawa, yana iya keɓance guguwar watsa shirye-shirye yadda ya kamata, rage faruwar fakitin ƙarya da fakitin kuskure, da kuma guje wa rikice-rikice. Mai sauyawa zai iya canja wurin bayanai tsakanin nau'i-nau'i na tashar jiragen ruwa da yawa a lokaci guda. Ana iya ɗaukar kowace tashar jiragen ruwa a matsayin ɓangaren cibiyar sadarwa daban, kuma na'urar sadarwar da aka haɗa da ita ita kaɗai tana jin daɗin bandwidth gabaɗaya, ba tare da yin gogayya da wasu na'urori ba. Lokacin da node A ya aika bayanai zuwa kumburin D, kumburin B na iya aika bayanai zuwa kumburin C a lokaci guda, kuma duka watsawa suna jin daɗin cikakken bandwidth na hanyar sadarwa kuma suna da nasu haɗin kai. Idan aka yi amfani da 10Mbps Ethernet sauya a nan, jimillar zazzagewar ta daidai yake da 210Mbps=20Mbps, da kuma amfani da HUB da aka raba na 10Mbps, jimillar zazzagewar HUB ba zai wuce 10Mbps ba. A takaice, maɓalli shine na'urar cibiyar sadarwa dangane da gano adireshin MAC kuma yana iya kammala aikin ɓoyewa da tura fakitin bayanai. Canjin zai iya"
2. Menene aikin sauya sheka?
“Musanya” ita ce kalmar da aka fi yawaita a Intanet a yau, tun daga kan layi zuwa hanyar ATM zuwa tsarin tarho, ana iya amfani da ita, ba wai menene ainihin musayar ba. Hasali ma, kalmar musanya ta fara bayyana a tsarin wayar tarho, wanda ke nufin musayar siginar murya tsakanin wayoyi daban-daban guda biyu, kuma na’urar da ke kammala aikin ita ce canjin wayar. Don haka, kamar yadda aka yi niyya na farko, musayar shine kawai ra'ayi na fasaha, wato, don kammala ƙaddamar da siginar daga ƙofar na'urar zuwa fita. Saboda haka, duk na'urorin muddin suna da kuma cika ma'anar ana iya kiran su na'urorin sauya sheka. Don haka, “exchange” kalma ce mai faɗi wacce a haƙiƙa tana nufin na’urar da ke haɗa bayanai idan aka yi amfani da ita wajen siffanta Layer na biyu na hanyar sadarwar bayanai, da kuma na’urar da ke sarrafa bayanai idan aka yi amfani da ita wajen siffanta na’urar Layer Layer na uku na cibiyar sadarwar bayanai. . Canjin Ethernet da muke yawan magana akai shine haƙiƙa na'urar cibiyar sadarwa mai yawan tashar jiragen ruwa ta biyu dangane da fasahar gada, wacce ke ba da ƙarancin latency da ƙarancin shiga sama don isar da firam ɗin bayanai daga wannan tashar jiragen ruwa zuwa wancan. Don haka, ya kamata a sami matrix na musanya a cikin ainihin maɓalli wanda ke ba da hanyar sadarwa tsakanin kowane tashar jiragen ruwa guda biyu, ko bas ɗin musayar sauri don aika firam ɗin bayanan da kowane tashar jiragen ruwa ta karɓa daga wasu tashoshin jiragen ruwa. A cikin na'urori masu amfani, aikin matrix musayar sau da yawa ana cika shi ta hanyar guntu na musamman (ASIC). Bugu da ƙari, maɓallin ethernet a cikin ra'ayin ƙira yana da mahimmancin zato, wato musayar core gudun yana da sauri sosai, don haka yawanci manyan bayanan zirga-zirga ba za su sa cunkoso ba, a wasu kalmomi, ikon yin musanya dangane da bayanin kuma marar iyaka (a akasin haka, ATM canzawa a cikin ra'ayin zane shine, cewa ikon musanya na dangi da bayanin yana iyakance). Ko da yake ethernet tier 2 sauya yana dogara ne akan gadar tashar jiragen ruwa da yawa, sauyawa yana da mafi kyawun fasali, wanda ba wai kawai hanya mafi kyau don samun ƙarin bandwidth ba, amma kuma yana sa cibiyar sadarwa ta sauƙi don sarrafawa.
3 Aikace-aikacen sauyawa
A matsayin babban na'urar haɗin LAN, Ethernet switch ya zama ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun na'urorin cibiyar sadarwa. Tare da ci gaba da haɓaka fasahar musanya, farashin canjin Ethernet ya ragu sosai, kuma musayar zuwa tebur ya kasance yanayin gaba ɗaya. Idan Ethernet ɗin ku yana da masu amfani da yawa, aikace-aikace masu aiki, da sabar sabar iri-iri, kuma ba ku yi wani canje-canje ga tsarin sa ba, duk aikin cibiyar sadarwa na iya zama ƙasa kaɗan. Ɗaya daga cikin mafita shine ƙara sauyawa 10/100Mbps zuwa Ethernet, wanda ba zai iya sarrafa rafukan bayanan Ethernet na yau da kullum a 10Mbps ba, amma kuma yana goyan bayan haɗin Ethernet mai sauri a 100Mbps. Idan amfani da hanyar sadarwa ya wuce 40% kuma adadin karo ya fi 10%, maɓalli na iya taimaka muku warware ɗan lokaci. Sauyawa tare da Ethernet mai sauri 100Mbps da 10Mbps Ethernet tashoshin jiragen ruwa na iya aiki a cikin cikakken duplex, tare da sadaukar da 20Mbps zuwa 200Mbps haɗin gwiwa. Ba wai kawai ayyukan masu sauyawa ba ne daban-daban a cikin mahallin cibiyar sadarwa daban-daban, amma har ma da tasirin ƙara sababbin maɓalli da masu canzawa a cikin yanayin cibiyar sadarwa guda ɗaya. Cikakken fahimta da sarrafa yanayin zirga-zirga na hanyar sadarwa abu ne mai matukar mahimmanci don taka rawar canjin. Domin manufar yin amfani da na'urar yana da nisa don ragewa da tace bayanai a cikin hanyar sadarwa, don haka idan mai sauyawa a cikin hanyar sadarwa saboda wurin da bai dace ba, kusan yana buƙatar tura duk fakitin da aka karɓa, sauyawa ba zai iya taka rawar ba. inganta aikin cibiyar sadarwa, amma yana rage saurin watsa bayanai, ƙara jinkirin cibiyar sadarwa. Baya ga wurin shigarwa, yana iya haifar da mummunan tasiri idan maɓallai kuma ana ƙara makantar a cikin cibiyoyin sadarwa tare da ƙananan kaya da ƙananan bayanai. Tasirin lokacin aiki na fakitin, girman buffer na sauyawa da buƙatar sabunta sabbin fakiti, ta amfani da HUB mai sauƙi ya fi kyau a wannan yanayin. Don haka, ba za mu iya tunanin cewa masu sauyawa suna da fa'ida fiye da HUB ba, musamman lokacin da cibiyar sadarwar mai amfani ba ta cika cunkoso ba kuma akwai sarari da yawa, ta amfani da HUB na iya yin cikakken amfani da albarkatun cibiyar sadarwa.
4. Hanyoyi masu sauyawa guda uku na sauyawa
1. Madaidaicin-ta nau'in (Yanke Ta hanyar)
Ana iya fahimtar sauyawar Ethernet a cikin yanayin kai tsaye azaman madaidaicin matrix na wayar tarho tsakanin tashoshin jiragen ruwa. Lokacin da tashar shigar da bayanai ta gano fakitin bayanai, ta bincika kan kunshin, ta sami adireshin da aka yi niyya na kunshin, ta fara tebirin bincike mai ƙarfi na ciki don canza shi zuwa tashar fitarwa daidai, yana haɗi a mahadar shigarwa da fitarwa, kuma yana haɗa fakitin bayanai zuwa tashar da ta dace don gane aikin musayar. Ba tare da ajiya da ake buƙata ba, jinkirin yana da ƙananan ƙananan kuma musayar yana da sauri sosai, wanda shine amfaninsa. Hasara ita ce saboda ba a adana abun cikin fakiti ta hanyar sauya Ethernet, ba zai iya bincika ko fakitin da aka watsa ba daidai ba ne kuma ba zai iya samar da damar gano kuskure ba. Tunda babu cache, shigarwar / fitarwa tashar jiragen ruwa tare da rates daban-daban ba za a iya haɗa kai tsaye ba kuma cikin sauƙin rasa fakiti.
2. Adana da aikawa (Ajiye & Gaba)
Yanayin ajiya da turawa hanya ce da aka fi amfani da ita a fagen sadarwar kwamfuta. Yana adana fakitin tashar shigar da bayanai da farko, sannan ta gudanar da rajistan CRC (tabbacin lambar sake fasalin cyclic). Bayan sarrafa fakitin kuskure, an cire adireshin da aka yi niyya na fakitin, kuma a aika fakitin zuwa tashar fitarwa ta cikin tebur bincike. Saboda haka, yanayin ajiya da turawa yana da babban jinkiri wajen sarrafa bayanai, wanda shine ƙarancinsa, amma yana iya gano fakitin bayanan da ke shiga maɓalli kuma yana inganta aikin hanyar sadarwa yadda ya kamata. Musamman ma, yana iya tallafawa juyawa tsakanin tashoshin jiragen ruwa a hanyoyi daban-daban, yana kiyaye daidaituwa tsakanin manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa da ƙananan tashar jiragen ruwa.
3. Keɓewar juzu'i (Fragment Free)
Wannan shine mafita a wani wuri tsakanin tare da biyun farko. Yana duba ko fakitin 64 bytes ne, idan kuma bai kai 64 bytes ba, karya ne; idan ya fi 64 bytes, ana aika fakitin. Wannan hanyar kuma ba ta samar da tabbacin bayanai. Gudun sarrafa bayanan sa yana da sauri fiye da yanayin ajiya da turawa, amma ya fi hankali fiye da yanayin kai tsaye.
5 Canja rarrabawa
A faɗin magana, maɓalli sun kasu kashi biyu: WAN switch da LAN switch. Ana amfani da maɓallan WAN a fagen sadarwa, wanda ke samar da tushen hanyar sadarwa. Kuma ana amfani da maɓallan LAN zuwa cibiyoyin sadarwa na yanki don haɗa na'urorin tasha, kamar PC da na'urorin sadarwa. Daga matsakaicin watsawa da saurin watsawa za a iya raba su zuwa hanyar Ethernet, saurin Ethernet mai sauri, Gigabit Ethernet sauya, FDDI sauya, ATM sauya da alamar zobe canji. Daga aikace-aikacen sikelin, ana iya raba shi zuwa canjin matakin kamfani, canjin matakin sashe da sauya rukunin aiki. Ma'aunin kowane masana'anta bai zama ɗaya ba. Gabaɗaya magana, madaidaicin matakin masana'antu nau'in rak ne, yayin da matakan sashe na iya zama nau'in rak (ƙananan adadin ramuka) ko ƙayyadadden nau'in daidaitawa, yayin da matakan matakin rukuni masu aiki sune ƙayyadaddun tsari (aiki mai sauƙi). A gefe guda kuma, ta fuskar sikelin aikace-aikacen, a matsayin masu sauyawar kashin baya, masu sauyawa ga manyan masana'antu da ke da maki sama da 500 sune na'urori masu sauya sheka, masu matsakaitan masana'antu da ke ƙasa da maki 300 na ma'auni na sashe ne, kuma suna canzawa cikin bayanai 100. maki masu sauya matakin rukuni ne masu aiki.
6 Canja aikin
Babban ayyuka na sauyawa sun haɗa da
Shafin jiki
Tsarin topology na hanyar sadarwa
duba kuskure
Jerin firam da kuma sarrafa kwarara
VLAN (Virtual LAN)
Haɗin kai
Tacewar zaɓi
Baya ga samun damar haɗawa zuwa nau'ikan cibiyoyin sadarwa iri ɗaya, masu sauyawa suna iya haɗawa tsakanin nau'ikan cibiyoyin sadarwa (kamar Ethernet da Fast Ethernet). Yawancin masu sauyawa a yau zasu iya samar da tashar jiragen ruwa mai sauri wanda ke goyan bayan Ethernet mai sauri ko FDDI, da dai sauransu, don haɗi zuwa wasu masu sauyawa a cikin hanyar sadarwa ko don samar da ƙarin bandwidth don sabobin masu mahimmanci tare da babban amfani da bandwidth. Gabaɗaya, ana amfani da kowane tashar jiragen ruwa na maɓalli don haɗa sashin cibiyar sadarwa daban, amma wani lokacin don samar da saurin shiga cikin sauri, muna iya haɗa wasu mahimman kwamfutocin cibiyar sadarwa kai tsaye zuwa tashar tashar sauyawa. Ta wannan hanyar, maɓallan maɓalli da masu amfani da hanyar sadarwar za su sami saurin shiga cikin sauri kuma suna tallafawa zirga-zirgar bayanai mafi girma.
Game da Mu
Canja rarraba kuskure:
Ana iya raba kurakuran sauyawa gabaɗaya zuwa kurakuran hardware da na software. Rashin gazawar kayan masarufi yana nufin gazawar wutar lantarki, jirgin baya, module, tashar jiragen ruwa da sauran abubuwan da za a iya raba su zuwa nau'ikan masu zuwa.
(1) Rashin wutar lantarki:
wutar lantarki ta lalace ko fanka ya tsaya saboda rashin ingantaccen wutar lantarki na waje, ko layin wutar da ya tsufa, wutar lantarki a tsaye ko yajin walƙiya, don haka ba zai iya aiki yadda ya kamata. Lalacewa ga sauran sassan na'urar saboda wutar lantarki shima yakan faru. Dangane da irin wadannan kurakuran, ya kamata mu fara yin aiki mai kyau na samar da wutar lantarki na waje, mu gabatar da layukan wutar lantarki masu zaman kansu don samar da wutar lantarki mai zaman kanta, kuma mu ƙara mai sarrafa wutar lantarki don guje wa babban ƙarfin lantarki nan take ko ƙarancin wutar lantarki. Gabaɗaya, akwai hanyoyi guda biyu na samar da wutar lantarki, amma saboda dalilai daban-daban, ba zai yuwu a samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu ga kowane canji ba. Ana iya ƙara UPS (waɗanda ba za a iya katsewa ba) don tabbatar da samar da wutar lantarki na yau da kullun, kuma yana da kyau a yi amfani da UPS wanda ke ba da aikin daidaita wutar lantarki. Bugu da ƙari, ƙwararrun matakan kariya na walƙiya ya kamata a kafa a cikin ɗakin injin don kauce wa lalacewar walƙiya zuwa sauyawa.
(2) Rashin gazawar tashar jiragen ruwa:
wannan shine mafi yawan gazawar hardware, ko tashar fiber ce ko kuma murɗaɗɗen tashar RJ-45, dole ne a yi taka tsantsan yayin toshewa da toshe mai haɗin. Idan filogin fiber ɗin ya ƙazantu da gangan, zai iya haifar da gurɓataccen tashar fiber kuma ba zai iya sadarwa akai-akai ba. Sau da yawa muna ganin mutane da yawa suna son rayuwa don toshe mai haɗin haɗin, a ka'idar, yana da kyau, amma wannan kuma ba da gangan ba yana ƙara haɗarin gazawar tashar jiragen ruwa. Rashin kulawa yayin kulawa kuma na iya haifar da lalacewa ta jiki ga tashar jiragen ruwa. Idan girman kai na crystal yana da girma, yana da sauƙi don lalata tashar jiragen ruwa lokacin shigar da sauyawa. Bugu da kari, idan wani sashe na karkatattun biyun da ke haɗe zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ya fito waje, idan walƙiya ta bugi kebul ɗin, tashar tashar za ta lalace ko kuma ta haifar da ɓarna marar tabbas. Gabaɗaya, gazawar tashar jiragen ruwa lahani ce ga ɗaya ko ɗaya tashoshi. Don haka, bayan kawar da kuskuren kwamfutar da aka haɗa da tashar jiragen ruwa, za ku iya maye gurbin tashar jiragen ruwa da aka haɗa don yin hukunci ko ta lalace. Don irin wannan gazawar, tsaftace tashar jiragen ruwa tare da ƙwallon auduga na barasa bayan an kashe wutar. Idan da gaske tashar ta lalace, za a sauya tashar ne kawai.
(3) Rashin Module:
Canjin yana kunshe da abubuwa da yawa, kamar su stacking module, management module (wanda aka fi sani da Control module), fadada module, da dai sauransu. suna fama da babban asarar tattalin arziki. Irin wannan gazawar na iya faruwa idan ana shigar da na'urar ba da gangan ba, ko kuma na'urar ta yi karo, ko kuma wutar lantarki ba ta tsaya ba. Tabbas, nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan guda uku da aka ambata a sama duk suna da mu'amala ta waje, wanda ke da sauƙin ganewa, wasu kuma na iya gano kuskuren ta hanyar fitilar nuni akan tsarin. Misali, madaidaicin tsarin yana da tashar tashar trapezoidal lebur, ko kuma wasu masu sauyawa suna da kebul na USB. Akwai tashar tashar CONSOLE akan tsarin gudanarwa don haɗawa da kwamfutar sarrafa cibiyar sadarwa don gudanarwa cikin sauƙi. Idan tsarin fadada yana da haɗin fiber, akwai nau'i-nau'i na fiber musaya. Lokacin magance irin waɗannan kurakuran, da farko tabbatar da samar da wutar lantarki na sauyawa da module, sannan duba ko an saka kowane nau'in a daidai matsayi, sannan a duba ko kebul ɗin da ke haɗa module ɗin al'ada ce. Lokacin haɗa tsarin gudanarwa, yakamata kuma yayi la'akari da ko yana ɗaukar ƙayyadaddun ƙimar haɗin kai, ko akwai bincika daidaito, ko akwai sarrafa kwararar bayanai da sauran dalilai. Lokacin haɗa tsarin tsawaitawa, kuna buƙatar bincika ko ya dace da yanayin sadarwa, kamar amfani da yanayin cikakken duplex ko yanayin rabin duplex. Tabbas, idan an tabbatar da cewa tsarin ba daidai ba ne, akwai mafita ɗaya kawai, wato, nan da nan ku tuntuɓi mai kaya don maye gurbinsa.
(4) Rashin gazawar jirgin baya:
kowane nau'in juzu'i yana haɗa zuwa jirgin baya. Idan mahalli ya jike, allon kewayawa yana da ɗanɗano da ɗan gajeren kewayawa, ko kuma abubuwan da ke tattare da su sun lalace saboda yawan zafin jiki, yajin walƙiya da sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da allon kewayawa ba zai iya aiki kamar yadda aka saba ba. Misali, rashin aikin ɓarkewar zafi ko yanayin yanayin yanayi ya yi yawa, yana haifar da zafin jiki a cikin injin, yana ba da odar abubuwan da aka haɗa su ƙone. A cikin yanayin samar da wutar lantarki na waje na al'ada, idan na'urori na ciki na canji ba zai iya aiki yadda ya kamata ba, yana iya zama cewa jirgin baya ya karye, a wannan yanayin, hanya ɗaya kawai ita ce maye gurbin jirgin. Amma bayan sabunta kayan aikin, farantin kewayawa na suna ɗaya na iya samun nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan iri ɗaya ne. Gabaɗaya, ayyukan sabuwar hukumar za su dace da ayyukan tsohuwar hukumar da'ira. Amma aikin tsohon tsarin da'ira bai dace da aikin sabon hukumar da'ira ba.
(5) Rashin kebul:
ana amfani da jumper da ke haɗa kebul da firam ɗin rarraba don haɗa kayayyaki, racks da kayan aiki. Idan gajeriyar kewayawa, buɗaɗɗen kewayawa ko haɗin ƙarya ya faru a cikin kebul core ko jumper a cikin waɗannan igiyoyi masu haɗawa, gazawar tsarin sadarwa zai haifar. Daga hangen nesa na kurakuran kayan aiki da yawa, ƙarancin yanayin injin ɗin yana da sauƙi don haifar da gazawar kayan aiki daban-daban, don haka a cikin ginin ɗakin injin, dole ne asibiti ya fara aiki mai kyau na ƙasan kariyar walƙiya, samar da wutar lantarki, zafin jiki na cikin gida, zafi na cikin gida, tsangwama anti-electromagnetic, anti-static da sauran gine-ginen yanayi, don samar da yanayi mai kyau don aikin al'ada na kayan aikin cibiyar sadarwa.
Rashin nasarar software na sauyawa:
Rashin lalacewar software na sauyawa yana nufin tsarin da gazawarsa, wanda za'a iya raba zuwa nau'ikan masu zuwa.
(1) Kuskuren tsarin:
BUG Shirin: Akwai lahani a cikin shirye-shiryen software. Tsarin sauyawa shine haɗin kayan masarufi da software. A cikin maɓalli, akwai ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar karantawa kawai mai wartsakewa wanda ke riƙe da tsarin software da ake buƙata don wannan canjin. Saboda dalilai na ƙira a wancan lokacin, akwai wasu madauki, lokacin da yanayin ya dace, zai haifar da sauya cikakken kaya, asarar jaka, jakar da ba daidai ba da sauran yanayi. Don irin waɗannan matsalolin, muna buƙatar haɓaka ɗabi'ar yawan bincika gidajen yanar gizon masu kera na'urori. Idan akwai sabon tsari ko sabon faci, da fatan za a sabunta shi akan lokaci.
(2) Tsari mara kyau:
Domin zuwa mabanbantan canje-canje, masu gudanar da hanyar sadarwa galibi suna da kurakuran daidaitawa lokacin daidaitawa. Babban kurakurai su ne: 1. Kuskuren bayanan tsarin: tsarin bayanai, gami da saitin software, ana amfani da su don ayyana tsarin gaba ɗaya. Idan bayanan tsarin ba daidai ba ne, zai kuma haifar da gazawar tsarin gabaɗaya, kuma yana da tasiri ga duka ofishin musayar.2. Kuskuren bayanan ofishin: An bayyana bayanan ofishin bisa ga takamaiman yanayin ofishin musayar. Lokacin da bayanan hukuma suka yi kuskure, zai kuma yi tasiri a kan duk ofishin musayar.3. Kuskuren bayanan mai amfani: Bayanan mai amfani yana bayyana yanayin kowane mai amfani. Idan an saita bayanan mai amfani ba daidai ba, zai yi tasiri ga wani mai amfani.4, saitin kayan masarufi bai dace ba: saitin kayan masarufi shine don rage nau'in allon kewayawa, kuma rukuni ko ƙungiyoyi da yawa na masu kunnawa sun kunna. kwamitin kewayawa, don ayyana yanayin aiki na allon kewayawa ko matsayi a cikin tsarin, idan kayan aikin ba a saita daidai ba, zai haifar da hukumar ba ta aiki da kyau. Irin wannan gazawar wani lokaci yana da wuya a samu, yana buƙatar takamaiman adadin gwaninta. Idan ba za ku iya tantance idan akwai matsala tare da daidaitawar ba, mayar da saitunan masana'anta sannan kuma mataki-mataki. Zai fi kyau karanta umarnin kafin daidaitawa.
(3) Abubuwa na waje:
Saboda kasancewar ƙwayoyin cuta ko hare-haren hacker, yana yiwuwa mai watsa shiri na iya aika fakiti masu yawa waɗanda ba su cika ka'idodin rufewa zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa da aka haɗa ba, wanda ke haifar da na'ura mai sarrafa na'ura mai aiki da yawa, wanda ke haifar da fakitin sun yi latti. don turawa, don haka yana haifar da ɗigon buffer da al'amarin asarar fakiti. Wani lamari kuma shine guguwar watsa shirye-shirye, wanda ba wai kawai yana ɗaukar yawan bandwidth na cibiyar sadarwa ba, amma kuma yana ɗaukar lokaci mai yawa na sarrafa CPU. Idan cibiyar sadarwa ta kasance tana mamaye da babban adadin fakitin bayanan watsa shirye-shirye na dogon lokaci, sadarwar batu-zuwa ta al'ada ba za a gudanar da ita yadda ya kamata ba, kuma saurin hanyar sadarwar zai ragu ko gurgunta.
A takaice, gazawar software yakamata ya zama mafi wahalar samu fiye da gazawar hardware. Lokacin magance matsalar, bazai buƙatar kashe kuɗi da yawa ba, amma yana buƙatar ƙarin lokaci. Ya kamata mai gudanar da hanyar sadarwa ya haɓaka ɗabi'ar adana rajistan ayyukansu na yau da kullun. A duk lokacin da wani laifi ya faru, yi rikodin abin da ya faru na kuskure a kan lokaci, tsarin bincike na kuskure, warware kuskure, taƙaita rarraba kuskure da sauran ayyukan, don tara nasu gogewa. Bayan magance kowace matsala, za mu yi bitar tushen matsalar a hankali da kuma mafita. Ta wannan hanyar za mu iya inganta kanmu koyaushe kuma mafi kyawun kammala muhimmin aikin gudanarwa na cibiyar sadarwa.
Lokacin aikawa: Mayu-15-2024